![]() Additionally, nanocellulose hydrogels can be injected subcutaneously, where the injected hydrogel functions as a stable depot (Laurén et al. Successful release of human VEGF-A and IL-6 proteins were shown after freeze-drying and rehydration of the formulation containing ANFC as the main component (Auvinen et al. Anionic nanocellulose hydrogels are suitable for formulations that require special processing methods, such as freeze-drying (Koivunotko et al. 2017) and has been used as a film-like matrix with long-lasting sustained drug release for up to three months (Auvinen et al. ANFC hydrogel has been demonstrated to perform well with several types of molecules for sustained release, such as small molecules, proteins and both anionic and cationic molecules (Paukkonen et al. Nanocellulose hydrogels are soft and highly porous materials, and the fiber content of the nanocellulose hydrogel affects the mesh size of the fiber matrix (Kopač et al. One environment-friendly manufacturing method for nanocellulose combines low-concentration of cold alkali pretreatment with ultrafine grinding and high-pressure homogenization (Nie et al. ![]() It forms stable nanofiber networks, each fiber typically 5–20 nm in width, and can be chemically modified through TEMPO oxidation as a pretreatment method to produce anionic cellulose nanofibers (Gupta et al. Nanocellulose is a biobased biopolymer in form of a high water content hydrogel which can be processed from the wood pulp of almost any plant material. 2021), and it has been shown to function as an excellent platform for drug release (Paukkonen et al. Nanocellulose can be processed to have antimicrobial properties and is generally biocompatible (Norrrahim et al. The material selected for this study was anionic nanocellulose, also known as anionic nanofibrillated cellulose (ANFC), which is known for its suitability for clinical applications such as wound healing (Koivuniemi et al. Therefore, as an alternative method we have investigated the use of a nanohydrogel for an extended delivery of nanoparticles for more steady and controlled drug release rates. Most nanoparticle drug delivery approaches utilize repeated injections or infusions with cannulas as their delivery method (Blanco et al. Due to the demanding delivery conditions, more effort should be put into improving compliance, safety, and better control of drug delivery through improved drug administration methods. For example, sensitivity and stability issues can hinder their efficient administration without encapsulation into a protective carrier. Micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, nanogels and many other systems have been explored to aid in the delivery and targeting of new compounds, such as biological drugs, that have special challenges and limitations due to their intrinsic properties (Wahlich et al. Alternatively, for the tightly bound nanoparticles, this could lead to nanoparticle reservoirs within hydrogels, which could act as immobilized drug release systems.ĭuring recent years, many potential nanoparticle drug carriers have emerged for more sophisticated delivery approaches. ![]() Based on our results, anionic nanocellulose hydrogels are versatile platforms for the sustained release of the chosen model nanoparticles (liposomes, micelles, and DNA origami). Rod-shaped DNA origami were released rapidly even though their length was above the cut-off size of spherical particles, indicating that their smaller radial dimension facilitates their fast release. Nanoparticles with cationic labeling were retained in both hydrogels, whereas for the neutral nanoparticles, we were able to determine the cut-off size for released particles for both hydrogels. Smaller particles with neutral charge were released faster from 1% hydrogels than from 2% hydrogels. We showed that the drug release rates depend on nanoparticle size, shape, and charge. ![]() Two different hydrogel qualities (with 1% and 2% mass of fiber content) were used for each nanoparticle formulation. Micelles, liposomes and DNA origami nanostructures were incorporated into the nanocellulose hydrogels, and their release rates were measured. ![]() Systems releasing nanoparticles could produce applications especially for therapeutic nanocarriers, whose life-times in vivo might be limited. In this study, we examine the suitability of anionic nanocellulose hydrogels for the sustained release of various nanoparticles. Nanocellulose hydrogels have been shown to be excellent platforms for sustained delivery of drug molecules. ![]()
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